Email archives are important historical resources, but access to such data poses a unique archival challenge and many born-digital collections remain dark, while questions of how they should be effectively made available remain. This paper contributes to the growing interest in preserving access to email by addressing the needs of users, in readiness for when such collections become more widely available. We argue that for the content of email to be meaningfully accessed, the context of email must form part of (...) this access. In exploring this idea, we focus on discovery within large, multi-custodian archives of organisational email, where emails’ network features are particularly apparent. We introduce our prototype search tool, which uses AI-based methods to support user-driven exploration of email. Specifically, we integrate two distinct AI models that generate systematically different types of results, one based upon simple, phrase-matching and the other upon more complex, BERT embeddings. Together, these provide a new pathway to contextual discovery that accounts for the diversity of future archival users, their interests and level of experience. (shrink)

The benefits of AI technologies in archival preservation are well recognised, though questions remain about their integration into existing processes. AI also shows promise for enhancing user experience and discovery in accessing born-digital materials. However, a limited understanding of the diverse methodological needs surrounding born-digital access risks the creation of one-size-fits-all solutions that suit certain approaches and research questions better than others. This article reviews current efforts in born-digital access and applies the Garbage Can Model from organisation theory to conceptualise (...) the challenge of developing AI-based tools for multiple user types, highlighting the iterative and often decentralised nature of multi-stakeholder decision-making. We address this challenge by creating four born-digital archival user types—the aggregator, the synthesiser, the fact finder, and the narrator—each with distinct motivations and research approaches. Finally, we identify some new opportunities for stakeholders to inform how AI-based tools can be developed to better meet the variety of methodological needs that exist in relation to born-digital archives. (shrink)

ABSTRACT There is limited guidance about whether and how to provide psychological assessment results to research participants. This paper considers several ethical challenges associated with offering individual research results in psychological assessment research. Additionally, the process used to return individual results within a study examining neurodevelopmental effects of anesthesia exposure in children and adolescents is described. Almost all participants requested to know if results were concerning; however, only around a third of those with concerning findings sought additional feedback. Ongoing research (...) and guidance are necessary to establish evidence-based practices and manage challenges that may emerge when disclosing such results. (shrink)

Recent energy problems in California, combined with gyrating U.S. gasoline prices, have brought renewed attention to the energy efficiency of American automobiles. But this timely study by David Kirsch examines a set of historical questions related to electric vehicles. A century ago electric‐powered vehicles seriously contended in the emerging market for automobiles. The internal combustion engine soon won out, but Kirsch shows that the explanation does not lie in common assumptions about a supposed technical superiority of gasoline (...) engines. In line with the best recent scholarship in the history of technology, this volume demonstrates the complicated web of social, business, and environmental issues that, interwoven with technical factors, produce a more nuanced story of technical change, namely, the market failure of the electric vehicle. Specifically, Kirsch demolishes as simplistic the efforts to pin the failure of the electric car on its battery.Kirsch's history begins with the formation and activities of the Electric Vehicle Company , the leading maker of electric cars. In 1897, EVC emerged in the context of early experiments with electric cars and grew into a large enterprise pursuing a marketing strategy of providing taxi services in large cities. Most automobile pioneers assumed that each power plant would prove best suited for certain activities. Electric‐vehicle promoters embraced this logic of separate spheres, envisioning electric cars as best suited for short urban trips and for women drivers. Unfortunately, drivers of gasoline cars did not respect these boundaries. So even as EVC pioneered ideas such as interchangeable battery racks for cabs, their vehicles slowly lost in the competition. The demise of the company in 1912 was as much organizational as technical, however, for the various branches of the company’s operations failed to follow standard practices designed to produce good service, not to mention profits.Kirsch tells similar stories about other efforts to promote and sell electric vehicles. Thus attempts to link electric cars and central power generating stations went nowhere, despite a seemingly obvious fit. Utilities were attempting to build load, and battery charging at night promised to smooth load curves. Once again, however, Kirsch traces a pattern of missed business opportunities and organizational failures that amplified the technical challenges posed by battery power. In the end, utilities and electric vehicles never developed a suitable working relationship. A similar fate befell electric delivery trucks, even though they survived in a few East Coast cities for a longer time. Finally, efforts to develop an infrastructural base analogous to gasoline filling stations also went nowhere. Taken together, these sections of Kirsch's book are designed to show “might have been” elements to this complicated story.Kirsch offers a number of original ideas as he follows this story along the path of history. He devotes a chapter to the idea, for example, that the electric vehicle actually survives within the internal combustion car, which he sees as a gasoline‐electric hybrid. Beginning with the adoption of the electric starter as a standard element of the “normal” automobile, this hybrid nature was reinforced by the introduction of electric lighting, radios, and other electrically powered accessories. Kirsch also discusses the environmental impact of automobiles and closes with a chapter suggesting that the approaches of industrial ecology offer a promising way of thinking about the technology/environment interface. Overall, he makes an important contribution to the scholarly literature on technical failures, a topic that several historians have recently examined in order to highlight the importance of attention to alternative pathways—successful and otherwise. As has been the case in other such studies, the result is a much more complex, but also much more compelling and plausible, historical account. Kirsch's study is a model of the current work in the history of technology. (shrink)

The neuropsychoanalytic approach solves important aspects of how to use our understanding of the brain to treat patients. We describe the neurobiology underlying motivation for healthy behaviors and psychopathology. We have updated Freud’s original concepts of drive and instinct using neuropsychoanalysis in a way that conserves his insights while adding information that is of use in clinical treatment. Drive (Trieb) is a pressure to act on an internal stimulus. It has a motivational energic source, an aim, an object, and is (...) terminated by the satisfaction of a surge of serotonin. An instinct (Instinkt) is an inherited pattern of behavior that varies little from species to species. Drives are created by internal/ventral brain factors. Instincts require input from the outside that arrive through dorsal brain structures. In our model unpleasure is the experience of unsatisfied drives while pleasure if fueled by a propitious human environment. Motivational concepts can be used guide clinical work. Sometimes what had previously described psychoanalytically as, “Internal conflict,” can be characterized neurobiologically as conflicts between different motivational systems. These motivational systems inform treatment of anxiety and depression, addiction in general and specific problems of opioid use disorder. Our description of motivation in addictive illness shows that the term, “reward system,” is incorrect, eliminating a source of stigmatizing addiction by suggesting that it is hedonistic. Understanding that motivational systems that have both psychological and brain correlates can be a basis for treating various disorders. Over many papers the authors have described the biology of drives, instincts, unpleasure and pleasure. We will start with a summary of our work, then show its clinical application. (shrink)

David Zvara tells us how several immigrant sagas came together to be his own family’s wonderful story and how a small but fateful decision shaped his entire life and career.

This paper addresses ethical issues surrounding global supply chains of multinational companies in developing countries. In particular, it considers the development and application of industry-wide ethical standards and codes of conduct for multinational supply chains in China. We describe and analyze the ethical norms and compliance components of such industry-wide regimes in the toy, textile, and consumer electronics industries. We argue that this development represents an positive attempt to institutionalize emergent international ethical standards and practices into this component of the (...) Chinese economy. (shrink)

Poverty, inequality, violence, environmental degradation, and tyranny continue to afflict the world. Ethics of Global Development offers a moral reflection on the ends and means of local, national, and global efforts to overcome these five scourges. After emphasizing the role of ethics in development studies, policy-making, and practice, David A. Crocker analyzes and evaluates Amartya Sen's philosophy of development in relation to alternative ethical outlooks. He argues that Sen's turn to robust ideals of human agency and democracy improves on (...) both Sen's earlier emphasis on 'capabilities and functionings' and Martha Nussbaum's version of the capability orientation. This agency-focused capability approach is then extended and strengthened by applying it to the challenges of consumerism and hunger, the development responsibilities of affluent individuals and nations, and the dilemmas of globalization. Throughout the book the author argues for the importance of more inclusive and deliberative democratic institutions. (shrink)

In his autobiographical-biographical study, Father and Son, Edmund Gosse describes how one evening, during his childhood, while his father was praying at - or, rather, over - his bed, a rather large insect dark and flat, with more legs than a self-respecting insect ought to need, appeared at the bottom of the counterpane, and slowly advanced… I bore it in silent fascination till it almost tickled my chin, and then I screamed ‘Papa! Papa!’. My Father rose in great dudgeon, removed (...) the insect and then gave me a tremendous lecture. 1. (shrink)

Ethical reflection on the practice of war stands in a long tradition in Western philosophy and theology, a tradition which begins with the writings of Plato and Augustine and encompasses accounts of justified warfare offered by writers from the Medieval period to the present. Ethical reflection on nuclear war is of necessity a more recent theme. The past few years have seen an enormous increase in popular as well as scholarly concern with nuclear issues, and philosophers have joined theologians in (...) exploring the moral issues surrounding the harnessing of atomic forces in the service of war. (shrink)

Although the basic ideas of the ontological argument can be found in Aristotle and Philo Judaeus, the argument received its classical formulation in Anselm's Proslogion and his Reply to the objections raised by Gaunilo. During the succeeding nine centuries the argument has had a chequered career. It was supported by some scholastic theologians but rejected by Aquinas. Descartes and Leibniz offered their own versions of the proof but Kant's refutation of the argument has generally been accepted as conclusive during the (...) past century and a half. Nevertheless, interest in the proof has never completely disappeared—perhaps provoked by Aquinas' suggestion that the proof may be valid for God even though it cannot be valid for us because of the inadequacy of our knowledge of God. Recently there has been a revival of interest in the ontological argument. J. N. Findlay put the argument into reverse to show the necessary non-existence of God in an article in 1948 but in later writings he has suggested that the argument may have positive significance. In 1960 Norman Malcolm published a paper in which he distinguished two basically different forms of the ontological argument in the Proslogion and defended the possible validity of the second of them. (shrink)

In this original work of systematic philosophy, David Dilworth places the major texts of Western and Oriental philosophy and religion, both ancient and modern, into one comparative framework. His study reveals affinities between thinkers who lived centuries and continents apart and produces numerous insights by bringing great philosophical texts together into a single purview. “This is a provocative and challenging book: far-reaching in scope and implication, worldwide in its vision, yet inescapably Aristotelian in its grounding. It is to be (...) hoped that it will acquaint more Western readers with Chinese philosophy, while spurring Asian thinkers to offer counterproposals about the crucial issues of philosophy in their respective traditions and the best methods to compare them.”—Carl Becker, _Journal of Asian Studies _ “The work opens new interpretive possibilities for intra- and inter-textual reflection on a grand scale.”—Edith Wyschogrod, Queens College “Philosophers East or West should buy and read this book.”—Robert Magnolia, Tamkang University and National Taiwan University, Taiwan. (shrink)

The objective of this article is to clarify the conceptual domains of organizational identity, image, and reputation. To initiate this theory development process, we present a “social actor” conception of organizational identity. Identity-congruent definitions of image and reputation are then specified and an integrated model proposed. With the aid of this model, a structural flawin the organizational reputation literature is identified and suitable remedies proposed. In addition, the authors explore the implications of invoking identity and identification in explanations and justifications (...) of organizational reputation. (shrink)

Is the societal-level of analysis sufficient today to understand the values of those in the global workforce? Or are individual-level analyses more appropriate for assessing the influence of values on ethical behaviors across country workforces? Using multi-level analyses for a 48-society sample, we test the utility of both the societal-level and individual-level dimensions of collectivism and individualism values for predicting ethical behaviors of business professionals. Our values-based behavioral analysis indicates that values at the individual-level make a more significant contribution to (...) explaining variance in ethical behaviors than do values at the societal-level. Implicitly, our findings question the soundness of using societal-level values measures. Implications for international business research are discussed. (shrink)

Correspondence should be addressed to David A. Leopold david[email protected] the viewing of certain patterns, widely known as ambiguous or puzzle figures, perception lapses into a sequence of spontaneous alternations, switching every few seconds between two or more visual interpretations of the stimulus. Although their nature and origin remain topics of debate, these stochastic switches are generally thought to be the automatic and inevitable consequence of viewing a pattern without a unique solution. We report here that in humans such (...) perceptual alternations can be slowed, and even brought to a standstill, if the visual stimulus is periodically removed from view. We also show, with a visual illusion, that this stabilizing effect hinges on perceptual disappearance rather than on actual removal of the stimulus. These findings indicate that uninterrupted subjective perception of an ambiguous pattern is required for the initiation of the brain-state changes underlying multistable vision.Visual perception involves coordination between sensory sampling of the world and active interpretation of the sensory data. Human perception of objects and scenes is normally stable and robust, but it falters when one is presented with patterns that are inherently ambiguous or contradictory. Under such conditions, vision lapses into a chain of continually alternating percepts, whereby a viable visual interpretation dominates for a few seconds and is then replaced by a rival interpretation. This multistable vision, or 'multistability', is thought to result from destabilization of fundamental visual mechanisms, and has offered valuable insights into how sensory patterns are actively organized and interpreted in the brain1, 2. Despite a great deal of recent research and interest in multistable perception, however, its neurophysiological underpinnings remain poorly understood. Physiological studies have suggested that disambiguation of ambiguous patterns. (shrink)

(2013). Legal idioms: a framework for evidential reasoning. Argument & Computation: Vol. 4, Formal Models of Reasoning in Cognitive Psychology, pp. 46-63. doi: 10.1080/19462166.2012.682656.

As humans, we have the capacity to refer to the things in the world around us. In everyday spoken communication, we often use words to describe intended referents (such as objects, people, and events), and our bodies (e.g., eyes, head, and hands) to indicate the location to which our addressee should focus her attention in order to further identify what we are talking about (Bühler, 1934; Clark & Bangerter, 2004). Traditionally, referring has been described as an autonomous and addressee-blind act (...) that speakers do on their own without taking into account beliefs about their addressees' knowledge about a referent (e.g., Olson, 1970; see Clark & Bangerter, 2004). In contrast, more recent views consider it rather a collaborative enterprise that requires that speaker and addressee work together, for instance in reaching mutual agreement on how to conceptualize and name a particular entity (e.g., Brennan & Clark, 1996; Clark & Bangerter, 2004; Clark & Wilkes-Gibbs, 1986). Such agreement is established through interaction, and the addressee is at least as important as the speaker in reaching agreement and establishing reference. In prototypical instances of successful referring, speakers often produce spatial demonstratives like this and that to establish joint attention between speaker and addressee to a visible entity (Bühler, 1934; Levinson, 1983). Such demonstratives are among the most frequently used words in language, among the first words infants produce (Clark & Sengul, 1978), and possibly primordial in phylogeny (Diessel, 2006; Tomasello, 2008). Surprisingly, despite the advances made towards a social, collaborative account of referring more generally, the prevailing theoretical view on spatial demonstratives has remained deeply individual and egocentric, as illustrated by the following claims:1. "[T]he anchoring point of deictic expressions is egocentric (or, better, speaker-centric). Adult speakers skillfully relate what they are talking about to this me-here-now" (Levelt, 1989, p. 46).2. Spatial demonstratives “indicate the relative distance of an object, location, or person vis-à-vis the deictic center (…), which is usually associated with the location of the speaker" (Diessel, 1999, p. 36).3. "[D]emonstratives are interpreted based on the speaker’s body" (Diessel, 2014, p. 122). This egocentric account is intuitively appealing and still influential (e.g., Diessel, 2014; Stevens & Zhang, 2014). In the current paper, we question this account from both the production and the comprehension side, and discuss recent accumulating observational, experimental, and neuroscientific evidence that suggests an alternative social and multimodal view of demonstrative reference. Production of demonstratives: Beyond egocentricity and relative distanceAlthough it is generally acknowledged that demonstratives have a social function in establishing joint attention to a referent (e.g., Diessel, 2006), the egocentric account claims that when using a demonstrative “the speaker, by virtue of being the speaker, casts himself in the role of ego and relates everything to his viewpoint” (Lyons, 1977, p. 638). Diessel (2014, p. 128) even states that “speakers of all languages employ an egocentric coordinate system that is anchored by the speaker’s body at the time of the utterance”, and argues that the speaker's body is a conventionalized aspect of the demonstrative's meaning (Diessel, 2014, p. 122). But are speakers really egocentric when using a spatial demonstrative? Analyses of everyday multimodal and face-to-face spoken corpora suggest the opposite. Küntay and Özyürek (2006), for instance, show that speakers of Turkish use the demonstrative şu specifically for referents that are not yet in the addressee's visual focus of attention and the demonstrative o for referents that are in the addressee's visual focus of attention (see also Özyürek, 1998). Thus, speakers would not use an egocentric coordinate system, but rather take the viewpoint of their addressee into account. Jungbluth (2003), furthermore, reports that the physical orientation of both interlocutors relative to each other in a conversation drives demonstrative choice in Spanish. When speaker and addressee are face-to-face in a conversational dyad, all referents within the dyad are treated as proximal “without any further differentiation” (Jungbluth, 2003, p. 19). Hence, when using a demonstrative, speakers may not be that egocentric after all.Critically, the egocentric account generally claims that spatial demonstratives mainly express a distance contrast (e.g., Anderson & Keenan, 1985; Coventry et al., 2008; Diessel, 1999, 2006, 2014; Lyons, 1977). In the case of simple two-term demonstrative systems, this means that a proximal demonstrative (English this) indicates a referent relatively nearby the speaker and a distal demonstrative (English that) indicates a referent relatively remote from the speaker's location. For three-term systems it has been argued that the 'medial' demonstrative is used for entities close to the addressee or for entities at middle distance from the speaker. Diessel (2014, p. 123) claims that such "distance specifications of demonstratives are universals". However, descriptions of demonstrative systems in terms of relative distance (either to speaker or addressee) are often based on linguistic intuitions and not on extensive analyses of everyday communication or rigorous experimental testing. Observational and experimental studies suggest that relative distance to the speaker is often not primarily driving a speaker's demonstrative choice.Enfield (2003, p. 104), for instance, in describing the Lao two-term demonstrative system, concludes that “distance cannot be what distinguishes the meanings of these two demonstratives”. Rather, demonstrative reference is described as a social, interactive process in which the choice for a proximal or distal demonstrative depends on how interlocutors perceive and interpret the physical space during their interaction (Enfield, 2003). What is perceived as "proximal" may depend, for instance, on the engagement areas of speaker and addressee during their conversation (Enfield, 2003; see also Hanks, 1990). Piwek et al. (2008), moreover, argue that demonstrative choice in Dutch is not driven by the relative distance of a referent to the speaker, but by the cognitive and visual accessibility of a referent to speaker and addressee (see also Burenhult, 2003; Jarbou, 2010). Experimental studies supposedly showing effects of relative distance (Coventry et al., 2008; 2014) also show that what is considered as nearby or faraway is very flexible, for instance depending on whether participants point with their finger or with a stick, and on a referent's (context-dependent) visibility, familiarity, and ownership properties. This flexibility suggests that, rather than actual physical proximity, perceived (psychological) proximity is a more important factor in demonstrative choice (see below). Comprehension of demonstratives: Beyond egocentricity and relative distanceDue to its focus on the speaker, the egocentric view of demonstrative reference generally does not consider how addressees comprehend the demonstratives they hear. However, according to Diessel (2014), demonstratives are interpreted (by an addressee) based on the relative distance of an entity to the speaker's body. In this view, an addressee will expect that a speaker uses a proximal demonstrative in reference to an entity that is relatively close to the speaker’s body at the time of the utterance and a distal term for entities relatively farther away from the speaker. This claim is again purely based on linguistic intuitions and not on empirical testing. Studies actually investigating demonstrative comprehension are scarce. Stevens and Zhang (2013, 2014) presented participants with visual scenes that included a speaker, a hearer, and a referent, while they listened to an auditory stimulus that contained a demonstrative (e.g. this/that cat) and while their electroencephalogram (EEG) was recorded. The referent was either near the speaker, near the hearer, or away from both, and participants were asked to judge whether the demonstrative matched the visual scene. Participants' linguistic judgments were in line with the egocentric view of demonstrative reference. However, analysis of their EEGs suggested that they took into account whether speaker and hearer both gazed at the referent or not (Stevens & Zhang, 2013) and whether the speaker produced a pointing gesture to the referent or not (Stevens & Zhang, 2014). Thus, a measure tapping into linguistic intuitions (the judgment task) was found to be in line with the egocentric view whereas a measure reflecting online processing (EEG) found an influence of social factors such as the presence of shared gaze. Recently, Peeters et al. (2015b) investigated demonstrative comprehension in a paradigm in which participants listened to sentences that contained a demonstrative while they saw a picture of a speaker manually pointing at one of two visible objects. Higher processing costs were found for comprehending distal compared to proximal demonstratives when referents were in the shared space between speaker and participant (see Figure 1). Addressees thus took into account whether a referent was inside or outside the space that was shared with the speaker. No effect of the relative distance of the referent to the speaker was found. These findings suggest that demonstrative comprehension is sociocentric and involves the we-here-now (Peeters et al., 2015b), rather than egocentric and driven by the me-here-now (Levelt, 1989). In sum, paradigms going beyond simple intuitions show that demonstrative reference, from both a production and a comprehension perspective, is a joint action rather than an egocentric, addressee-blind phenomenon. A social and multimodal approach to demonstrative referenceThe findings discussed above seriously question the egocentric view that demonstratives express a distance contrast as calculated from the speaker's location. We propose a social alternative: Demonstrative production and comprehension are not primarily governed by the physical proximity of a referent to the speaker, but rather by the psychological proximity of a referent to both speaker and addressee. Moving beyond other social accounts (e.g., Enfield, 2003; Jarbou, 2010), we suggest that speaker and addressee jointly establish which referents are psychologically proximal. Arguably, during interaction interlocutors keep track of the psychological proximity of possible referents. Many contextual factors may contribute to a referent's degree of psychological proximity. For instance, in face-to-face conversations, entities inside the shared space between interlocutors may be experienced as psychologically more proximal than entities outside the shared space (Jungbluth, 2003; Peeters et al., 2015b). An increase in visibility, familiarity, and ownership of possible referents may increase their psychological proximity (cf. Coventry et al., 2014; Jarbou, 2010). Physical and social boundaries between speaker, addressee, and referent may decrease a referent's psychological proximity (Enfield, 2003). Experimental manipulations, informed by careful analysis of everyday demonstrative use, are needed to disentangle the respective contributions of these different contextual influences to the perceived psychological proximity of a referent and the subsequent choice to use one demonstrative and not another.Furthermore, speakers often organize their use of a demonstrative in relation to their manual pointing behavior (Bangerter, 2004; Cooperrider, in press). Considering demonstrative reference a social undertaking goes hand in hand with its multimodal characteristics. Research on pointing gestures suggests that pointing is often a highly social and communicative act. It has been found that speakers tailor the kinematics of their pointing gesture to the communicative needs of their addressee, for instance by slowing down the stroke and prolonging the hold phase of their gesture for its recognition (Peeters et al., 2015a). Moreover, already in very early stages of life, pointing gestures are often produced with a declarative motive, i.e. to simply share interest in a certain referent and for the addressee to recognize one’s communicative intentions (Tomasello et al. 2007). It is hard to unite such a view of pointing as deeply social and communicative with an egocentric view of demonstrative reference in which the speaker is egocentric when choosing a demonstrative. Rather, the social and communicative nature of human pointing confirms that multimodal demonstrative reference is an interpersonal, collaborative process in which the addressee plays a pivotal role.ConclusionBoth observational and experimental findings on the production and comprehension of spatial demonstratives suggest that it is now time to move away from an egocentric perspective on spatial demonstrative reference. Demonstratives are better understood in an empirically supported social and multimodal account that considers demonstrative reference a joint action. Such an account fits well within the broader context of referring as a social, interactive phenomenon (Clark & Bangerter, 2004), and is in line with studies looking at joint actions beyond language (e.g., Vesper & Richardson, 2014). A social and multimodal approach to demonstrative reference may also offer new ways to understand how pragmatic language use is acquired in development (Küntay & Özyürek, 2006) and impaired in populations that have difficulties in social interaction and communication. (shrink)

Insight is a cognitive feature that is usually regarded as being generated by the neocortex and being present only in humans and possibly some closely related primates. In this essay we show that especially corvids display behavioral skills within the domains of object permanence, episodic memory, theory of mind, and tool use/causal reasoning that are insightful. These similarities between humans and corvids at the behavioral level are probably the result of a convergent evolution. Similarly, the telencephalic structures involved in higher (...) cognitive functions in both species show a high degree of similarity, although the forebrain of birds has no cortex-like lamination. The neural substrate for insight-related cognitive functions in mammals and birds is thus not necessarily based on a laminated cortical structure but can be generated by differently organized forebrains. Hence, neither is insight restricted to mammals, as predicted from a “scala naturae”, nor is the laminated cortex a prerequisite for the highest cognitive functions. (shrink)

A natural experiment was conducted studying the relations among student cheating, motivation, religiosity, and attitudes toward cheating. Students enrolled in a dual religious/college curriculum were surveyed regarding their cheating behavior, attitudes toward cheating, religiosity, and learning/grade motivations toward classes. Business and liberal arts college students were represented. Results strongly support the following conclusions. First, grade orientation is associated with increases in self-reported cheating. Second, among these religious students, more religiosity correlates with reduced reports of cheating in all courses. This result (...) appears to be due to the unique effect of religion on self-reported cheating rates and, depending on course content, on a reduction of grade orientation in religious students. Third, business students report more cheating than their liberal arts counterparts, even when taking the same courses. They have less critical attitudes toward cheating and greater grade orientation, both of which statistically contribute to this difference, but other factors are involved as well. Keywords: academic integrity, motivation, religiosity, cheating. (shrink)

An exploratory model is presented as a heuristic to indicate how individual perceptions of corporate reputation (before joining) and corporate ethical values (after joining) generate specific individual organizational senses of fit. The paper suggests that an ethical dimension of person-organization fit may go some way in explaining superior acquisition and retention of staff by those who are attracted to specific organizations by levels of corporate social performance consonant with their ethical expectations, or who remain with them by virtue of better (...) personal ethical fits with extant organizational ethical values. Specifically, the model suggests that individual misfits that arise from ethical expectations that either exceed or fall short of perceived organizational ethical performances lead to problematic acquisition and retention behavioural outcomes. (shrink)

Psychodynamic psychotherapy and psychoanalysis have had to defend themselves from a barrage of criticisms throughout their history. In this book David Jopling argues that the changes achieved through therapy are really just functions of placebos that rally the mind's native healing powers. It is a bold new work that delivers yet another blow to Freud and his followers.

Jacques Derrida's extensive early writings devoted considerable attention to "being as presence," the reality underlying the history of metaphysics. In Derrida on Being as Presence: Questions and Quests, David A. White develops the intricate conceptual structure of this notion by close exegetical readings drawn from these writings. White discusses cardinal concepts in Derrida's revamping of theoretical considerations pertaining to language--signification, context, negation, iterability--as these considerations depend on the structure of being as presence and also as they ground "deconstructive" reading. (...) White's appraisal raises questions invoking a range of problems. He deploys these questions in conjunction with thematically related quests that arise given Derrida's conviction that the history of metaphysics, as variations on being as presence, has concealed and skewed vital elements of reality. White inflects this critical apparatus concerning being as presence with texts drawn from that history--e.g., by Plato, Aristotle, Bacon, Hume, Kant, Whitehead. The essay concludes with a speculative ensemble of provisional categories, or zones of specificity. Implementing these categories will ground the possibility that philosophy in general and metaphysics in particular can be pursued in ways which acknowledge the relevance of Derrida's thought when integrated with the philosophical enterprise as traditionally understood. (shrink)

In their article “Language in Bioethics: Beyond the Representational View,” Clapp et al. (2025) provide a refreshing perspective on bridging the gap between theory in bioethics and practical improv...

In The Law of Peoples, John Rawls does not discuss justice and the global economy at great length or in great detail. What he does say has not been well-received. The prevailing view seems to be that what Rawls says in The Law of Peoples regarding global economic justice is both inconsistent with and a betrayal of his own liberal egalitarian commitments, an unexpected and unacceptable defense of the status quo. This view is, I think, mistaken. Rawls’s position on global (...) or international economic justice is richer, more nuanced, and generally more compelling than his critics have been willing to acknowledge. My aim in this essay is to sympathetically set out, and then defend against two common families of objection to, Rawls’s position on global or international economic justice. Objections of the first sort reject Rawls’s position as inadequately attentive to the material and economic interests of individual persons worldwide. Objections of the second sort reject it as inadequately attentive to the material and economic interests of well-ordered peoples. Throughout the paper I develop several arguments implicit in The Law of Peoples but not well-developed there as well as offer some additional arguments of my own consistent with the spirit of The Law of Peoples and Rawls’s work more generally. I conclude with some brief remarks expressing two worries I have about Rawls’s position – one concerning global public goods, the other concerning the formation of a morally adequate and effective political will within the international context under contemporary conditions. (shrink)

In lieu of an abstract, here is a brief excerpt of the content:Philosophy and Rhetoric 36.3 (2003) 177-188 [Access article in PDF] Chaïm Perelman's "First Philosophies and Regressive Philosophy":Commentary and Translation David A. Frank Michelle K. Bolduc Chaïm Perelman's 1949 article, "First Philosophies and Regressive Philosophy," has remained unavailable to readers unable to read French. Our commentary and translation is intended to provide English readers access to the context, influences, and themes that make the article an extraordinarily important work (...) in the history of twentieth-century rhetoric. In this article, Perelman offers a powerful critique of first philosophies and anticipates the problems of radical postmodernity. "First Philosophies" remains a strikingly elegant attempt to foil what Foucault (1984, 41-42) has called the "Enlightenment blackmail of reason," the assumption held by logical positivists and radical skeptics that if reason does not yield absolute and eternal Enlightenment knowledge, there can be no knowledge.Perelman and Lucie Olbrechts-Tyteca's New Rhetoric project avoids Enlightenment blackmail by charting a third way between logical positivism and radical relativism, and "First Philosophies" sets forth the project's philosophical blueprint. Commencing in 1947 and culminating in 1958 with the publication of Traité de l'argumentation: La nouvelle rhétorique, Perelman and Olbrechts-Tyteca sought, discovered, and developed a philosophical system designed as a rapprochement between dialectic (reason and logic) and rhetoric (the art of adapting arguments to audiences). Historians of rhetoric judge the work a "grand revolution" (Meyer 1999, 259), believing it marks a rhetorical renaissance in Europe, and suggest nothing like it will appear for another 100 years after its publication (Johnstone 1971). The New Rhetoric project influenced Gadamer and a host of post-war European and American thinkers (Mootz 1998). Michael Leff calls the 1970 English translation of Traité a "bombshell" (1994, 510). Beyond its historical importance, Crosswhite suggests that the New Rhetoric project is "the single most important event in contemporary rhetorical theory" (1996, 35)and "First Philosophies" marks Perelman's turn from logical [End Page 177] positivism to rhetoric, offering prescient answers to the post-World War II crises of reason, and the ideas in the article provide the Traité'sphilosophical glue (see in particular the English translation, 62).Perelman joined many post-war theorists, including Horkheimer and Adorno (1972), in the resistance to the reign of a disembodied Enlightenment rationality. However, Perelman identified what Habermas (1987, 119) would later call the "performative contradiction" in the conclusion that radical skepticism was the only alternative to Enlightenment rationality. In "First Philosophies," Perelman responds directly to Sartre's 1943 Being and Nothingness (198; see translation below) by exposing the failure of radical skeptics to see that they had been held hostage by Enlightenment blackmail in accepting the Enlightenment criterion for truth, rejecting it, and then making skepticism an absolute. Indeed, "First Philosophies" navigates from this performative contradiction to chart a third way between Enlightenment rationality and radical skepticism with an approach that he labels regressive philosophy. Regressive philosophy, Perelman argues, provides the human community with a mode of philosophical reasoning located between the extremes of Enlightenment rationality and radical skepticism. In this space between extremes, Perelman identifies contingent truths and values dependent on a rhetorical mode of reasoning, one making moral judgments possible.To best understand "First Philosophies," we recognize the importance of historical context in the development of social theories of knowledge (see Delacampagne 1999; Kennedy 1999). The intellectual networks in which philosophers operate also influence the development of philosophical systems, as Randall Collins has aptly documented. In addition to historical context and intellectual networks, Frederick Beiser has recently noted: "[t] he best introduction to any philosophy is the biography of the person who created it" (1999, 5). He argues that textual analysis alone cannot illuminate the motivation or meaning of a philosophy. A sense of Perelman's biography and the cultural influences that gave rise to "First Philosophies" are necessary for a proper understanding of its themes. For Perelman, the primary intellectual exigencies of the post-war period were the interrelated crises of justice, philosophical reasoning, and responsibility to which "First Philosophies" is a... (shrink)

This article provides current Schwartz Values Survey (SVS) data from samples of business managers and professionals across 50 societies that are culturally and socioeconomically diverse. We report the society scores for SVS values dimensions for both individual- and societal-level analyses. At the individual-level, we report on the ten circumplex values sub-dimensions and two sets of values dimensions (collectivism and individualism; openness to change, conservation, self-enhancement, and self-transcendence). At the societal-level, we report on the values dimensions of embeddedness, hierarchy, mastery, affective (...) autonomy, intellectual autonomy, egalitarianism, and harmony. For each society, we report the Cronbach’s α statistics for each values dimension scale to assess their internal consistency (reliability) as well as report interrater agreement (IRA) analyses to assess the acceptability of using aggregated individual level values scores to represent country values. We also examined whether societal development level is related to systematic variation in the measurement and importance of values. Thus, the contributions of our evaluation of the SVS values dimensions are two-fold. First, we identify the SVS dimensions that have cross-culturally internally reliable structures and within-society agreement for business professionals. Second, we report the society cultural values scores developed from the twenty-first century data that can be used as macro-level predictors in multilevel and single-level international business research. (shrink)

_The Jungians: A Comparative and Historical Perspective_ is the first book to trace the history of the profession of analytical psychology from its origins in 1913 until the present. As someone who has been personally involved in many aspects of Jungian history, Thomas Kirsch is well equipped to take the reader through the history of the 'movement', and to document its growth throughout the world, with chapters covering individual geographical areas - the UK, USA, and Australia, to name but (...) a few - in some depth. He also provides new information on the ever-controversial subject of Jung's relationship to Nazism, Jews and Judaism. A lively and well-researched key work of reference, _The Jungians_ will appeal to not only to those working in the field of analysis, but would also make essential reading for all those interested in Jungian studies. (shrink)

This essay formulates eight goals that have emerged from worldwide moral deliberation on "transitional justice" and that may serve as a useful framework when particular societies consider how they should reckon with violations of internationally recognized human rights.